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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<!-- "X-UA-Compatible" and "IE=edge" optimises webpage display if user has older version of Internet Explorer -->
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Prior to and First Generation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/css/style.css">
<!-- Link for Google font Roboto: -->
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com">
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto:wght@400&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
<!-- Link for Google font Open Sans: -->
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com">
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Open+Sans:wght@400&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
<body>
<header>
<!--Navigation links to pages on this site: -->
<section>
<div>
<nav>
<ul class="nav-menu">
<li class="bulletless"><a href="index.html" class="button" target="_self">Home</a></li>
<li class="bulletless"><a href="pre_and_first_generation.html" class="button" target="_self">Pre and First Generation</a></li>
<li class="bulletless"><a href="second_generation.html" class="button" target="_self">Second Generation</a></li>
<li class="bulletless"><a href="third_and_fourth_generation.html" class="button" target="_self">Third and Fourth Generation</a></li>
<li class="bulletless"><a href="user_survey_form.html" class="button" target="_self">User Survey Form</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
</section>
<section id="section-three">
<!--Page header:-->
<h1 class="page_heading">The History of the Silicon Based Desktop Computer</h1>
</section>
</header>
<main>
<section id="section-four">
<div>
<!-- Reference Comment: center iframe https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8366957/how-to-center-an-iframe-horizontally#8366972 -->
<!-- Reference Comment: used answer by pedro https://stackoverflow.com/users/5564463/pedro -->
<p class="video-to-center">
<!-- Reference Comment: iframe element taken by selecting SHARE > embed > on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnNm_uJYWhA -->
<!-- Reference Comment: method of using iframe embedding taken from https://www.bitdegree.org/learn/how-to-embed-a-youtube-video -->
<iframe height="315" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/WnNm_uJYWhA?start=3" title="Vacuum Tube Computers" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen>
</iframe>
</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="section-five">
<!-- Credit Comment: Content from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)#Third_generation -->
<!-- This section has combined vertical timeline and 2 columns -->
<!-- Note inside vertical timeline is 2 columns reference -->
<!-- vertical timeline https://freefrontend.com/css-timelines/
https://codepen.io/mathiesjanssen/pen/ggeBKm-->
<div class="container">
<!-- Section Heading: "Prior to First Generation and First Generation" -->
<div class="header">
<h1>Prior to First Generation and First Generation</h1>
</div>
<!-- subheading: "Prior to First Generation" -->
<!-- From Section Heading-->
<div class="subheader">
<h2>Prior to First Generation (Before and 1925-1945)</h2>
</div>
<!-- 2 columns https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_css_two_columns.asp -->
<!-- start row "FET 1925" -->
<div class="row">
<!-- left column -->
<div class="column left"> <!-- new-->
<!-- column 1 of 2 here -->
<div class="item-for-left"><!-- works --><!-- .item-from-left added from right column -->
<div><!--add to match right col-->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li class="bulletless"><!-- Add list item and class column so that this goes on the left -->
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-left"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3><!-- add h3 per https://codepen.io/mathiesjanssen/pen/ggeBKm-->
FET
</h3>
<!-- If needed put line break(s) here -->
<p>
field-effect transistor
</p><!--Updated Comment: line breaks above replaced with comment indicating line break placeholder. Original comment: This line (was break break paragraph open and close) fixes bug whereby right column was line breaking instead of left. Bug was caused by line break coming further down further out from center of nested code block. If line break comes lower down, further out from center of nested code, (after next closing div tag or after next closing list item tag, it does not work as expected. -->
</span>
</li>
</ul><!-- Closing tag for ul containing left column of vertical timeline -->
</section>
</div><!--add to match right col closing tag-->
</div><!-- .item-for-left added from .item closing tag on right column -->
<!-- column 1 above closing -->
</div><!-- .column-left closing tag :Updated Comment Original Comment: new closing tag-->
<!-- right column -->
<div class="column right">
<!-- column 2 of 2 https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_css_two_columns.asp -->
<div class="item"><!-- works -->
<div><!-- keeps separate timepoints under each other -->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li>
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-right"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3>
1925
</h3>
<!-- If needed put line break(s) here -->
<p>
Julius Edgar Lilienfeld
</p>
</span>
</li><!-- Add class bulletless2 to remove bullet point -->
</ul><!-- Close unordered list containing element -->
</section>
</div>
</div>
<!-- end vertical timeline -->
</div>
<!-- close 2 columns: -->
<!-- row div closing tag: -->
</div>
<!-- -end- row "FET 1925" -->
<!-- start row "Igor Tamm 1932" -->
<div class="row">
<!-- left column -->
<div class="column left"> <!-- new-->
<!-- column 1 of 2 here -->
<div class="item-for-left"><!-- works --><!-- .item-from-left added from right column -->
<div><!--add to match right col-->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li class="bulletless"><!-- Add list item and class column so that this goes on the left -->
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-left"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3><!-- add h3 per https://codepen.io/mathiesjanssen/pen/ggeBKm-->
</h3>
<!-- If needed put line break(s) here -->
<p>
work on <b>surface states</b>
</p><!--Updated Comment: line breaks above replaced with comment indicating line break placeholder. Original comment: This line (was break break paragraph open and close) fixes bug whereby right column was line breaking instead of left. Bug was caused by line break coming further down further out from center of nested code block. If line break comes lower down, further out from center of nested code, (after next closing div tag or after next closing list item tag, it does not work as expected. -->
</span>
</li>
</ul><!-- Closing tag for ul containing left column of vertical timeline -->
</section>
</div><!--add to match right col closing tag-->
</div><!-- .item-for-left added from .item closing tag on right column -->
<!-- column 1 above closing -->
</div><!-- .column-left closing tag :Updated Comment Original Comment: new closing tag-->
<!-- right column -->
<div class="column right">
<!-- column 2 of 2 https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_css_two_columns.asp -->
<div class="item"><!-- works -->
<div><!-- keeps separate timepoints under each other -->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li>
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-right"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3>
1932
</h3>
<!-- If needed put line break(s) here -->
<p>
Igor Tamm
</p>
</span>
</li><!-- Add class bulletless2 to remove bullet point -->
</ul><!-- Close unordered list containing element -->
</section>
</div>
</div>
<!-- end vertical timeline -->
</div>
<!-- close 2 columns: -->
<!-- row -->
</div>
<!-- -end- row "Igor Tamm 1932" -->
<!-- start row "Another FET 1934" -->
<div class="row">
<!-- left column -->
<div class="column left"> <!-- new-->
<!-- column 1 of 2 here -->
<div class="item-for-left"><!-- works --><!-- .item-from-left added from right column -->
<div><!--add to match right col-->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li class="bulletless"><!-- Add list item and class column so that this goes on the left -->
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-left"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3><!-- add h3 per https://codepen.io/mathiesjanssen/pen/ggeBKm-->
</h3>
<!-- If needed put line break(s) here -->
<p class="center-vertically">
Another <b>field-effect transistor</b> patented
</p><!--Updated Comment: line breaks above replaced with comment indicating line break placeholder. Original comment: This line (was break break paragraph open and close) fixes bug whereby right column was line breaking instead of left. Bug was caused by line break coming further down further out from center of nested code block. If line break comes lower down, further out from center of nested code, (after next closing div tag or after next closing list item tag, it does not work as expected. -->
</span>
</li>
</ul><!-- Closing tag for ul containing left column of vertical timeline -->
</section>
</div><!--add to match right col closing tag-->
</div><!-- .item-for-left added from .item closing tag on right column -->
<!-- column 1 above closing -->
</div><!-- .column-left closing tag :Updated Comment Original Comment: new closing tag-->
<!-- right column -->
<div class="column right">
<!-- column 2 of 2 https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_css_two_columns.asp -->
<div class="item"><!-- works -->
<div><!-- keeps separate timepoints under each other -->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li>
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-right"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3>
1934
</h3>
<!-- If needed put line break(s) here -->
<p>
Oskar Heil
</p>
</span>
</li><!-- Add class bulletless2 to remove bullet point -->
</ul><!-- Close unordered list containing element -->
</section>
</div>
</div>
<!-- end vertical timeline -->
</div>
<!-- close 2 columns: -->
<!-- row div closing tag: -->
</div>
<!-- -end- row "Another FET 1934" -->
<!-- start row "Shockley 1939" -->
<div class="row">
<!-- left column -->
<div class="column left"> <!-- new-->
<!-- column 1 of 2 here -->
<div class="item-for-left"><!-- works --><!-- .item-from-left added from right column -->
<div><!--add to match right col-->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li class="bulletless"><!-- Add list item and class column so that this goes on the left -->
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-left"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3><!-- add h3 per https://codepen.io/mathiesjanssen/pen/ggeBKm-->
</h3>
<!-- If needed put line break(s) here -->
<p>
work on <b>surface states</b>
</p><!--Updated Comment: line breaks above replaced with comment indicating line break placeholder. Original comment: This line (was break break paragraph open and close) fixes bug whereby right column was line breaking instead of left. Bug was caused by line break coming further down further out from center of nested code block. If line break comes lower down, further out from center of nested code, (after next closing div tag or after next closing list item tag, it does not work as expected. -->
</span>
</li>
</ul><!-- Closing tag for ul containing left column of vertical timeline -->
</section>
</div><!--add to match right col closing tag-->
</div><!-- .item-for-left added from .item closing tag on right column -->
<!-- column 1 above closing -->
</div><!-- .column-left closing tag :Updated Comment Original Comment: new closing tag-->
<!-- right column -->
<div class="column right">
<!-- column 2 of 2 https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_css_two_columns.asp -->
<div class="item"><!-- works -->
<div><!-- keeps separate timepoints under each other -->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li>
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-right"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3>
1939
</h3>
<!-- If needed put line break(s) here -->
<p>
William Shockley
</p>
</span>
</li><!-- Add class bulletless2 to remove bullet point -->
</ul><!-- Close unordered list containing element -->
</section>
</div>
</div>
<!-- end vertical timeline -->
</div>
<!-- close 2 columns: -->
<!-- row -->
</div>
<!-- -end- row "Shockley 1939" -->
<!-- start row "von Neumann architecture 1945" -->
<div class="row">
<!-- left column -->
<div class="column left"> <!-- new-->
<!-- column 1 of 2 here -->
<div class="item-for-left"><!-- works --><!-- .item-from-left added from right column -->
<div><!--add to match right col-->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li class="bulletless"><!-- Add list item and class column so that this goes on the left -->
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-left"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3><!-- add h3 per https://codepen.io/mathiesjanssen/pen/ggeBKm-->
von Neumann architecture
</h3>
<!-- If needed put line break(s) here -->
<p>
Formulated the von Neumann architecture upon which most modern computers are based
</p><!--Updated Comment: line breaks above replaced with comment indicating line break placeholder. Original comment: This line (was break break paragraph open and close) fixes bug whereby right column was line breaking instead of left. Bug was caused by line break coming further down further out from center of nested code block. If line break comes lower down, further out from center of nested code, (after next closing div tag or after next closing list item tag, it does not work as expected. -->
</span>
</li>
</ul><!-- Closing tag for ul containing left column of vertical timeline -->
</section>
</div><!--add to match right col closing tag-->
</div><!-- .item-for-left added from .item closing tag on right column -->
<!-- column 1 above closing -->
</div><!-- .column-left closing tag :Updated Comment Original Comment: new closing tag-->
<!-- right column -->
<div class="column right">
<!-- column 2 of 2 https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_css_two_columns.asp -->
<div class="item"><!-- works -->
<div><!-- keeps separate timepoints under each other -->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li>
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-right"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3>
1945
</h3>
<!-- If needed put line break(s) here -->
<p>
John von Neumann
</p>
</span>
</li><!-- Add class bulletless2 to remove bullet point -->
</ul><!-- Close unordered list containing element -->
</section>
</div>
</div>
<!-- end vertical timeline -->
</div>
<!-- close 2 columns: -->
<!-- row -->
</div>
<!-- -end- row "von Neumann architecture 1945" -->
<!-- start row "JFET 1945" -->
<div class="row">
<!-- left column -->
<div class="column left"> <!-- new-->
<!-- column 1 of 2 here -->
<div class="item-for-left"><!-- works --><!-- .item-from-left added from right column -->
<div><!--add to match right col-->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li class="bulletless"><!-- Add list item and class column so that this goes on the left -->
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-left"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3><!-- add h3 per https://codepen.io/mathiesjanssen/pen/ggeBKm-->
JFET
</h3>
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<p>
junction field-effect transistor
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<p>
Heinrich Welker first patented JFET
</p>
<p>
first FET built
</p>
</span>
</li>
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<div class="column right">
<!-- column 2 of 2 https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_css_two_columns.asp -->
<div class="item"><!-- works -->
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<li>
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-right"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3>
1945
</h3>
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<p>
Heinrich Welker
</p>
</span>
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<!-- -end- row "JFET 1945" -->
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<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li class="bulletless"><!-- Add list item and class column so that this goes on the left -->
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-left"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3><!-- add h3 per https://codepen.io/mathiesjanssen/pen/ggeBKm-->
unable to build FET
</h3>
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<p>
Shockley independently envisioned the FET concept
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<p>
unable to build working device
</p>
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<div class="item"><!-- works -->
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<h3>
1945
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<p>
William Shockley
</p>
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<h2>First Generation (1946-1959)</h2>
</div>
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surface states and the birth of surface physics
</h3>
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<p>
- Bardeen explained Shockley's failure to build a working device in terms of surface states
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<p>
- Bardeen applied the theory of surface states on semiconductors
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<p>
- (previous work on surface states was done by Shockley in 1939 and Igor Tamm in 1932)
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<p>
and realized that the external field was blocked at the surface because of extra electrons which are drawn to the semiconductor surface.
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<p>
- Electrons become trapped in those localized states forming an inversion layer.
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<p>
- Bardeen's hypothesis marked the birth of surface physics.
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<p>
- Bardeen then decided to make use of an inversion layer instead of the very thin layer of semiconductor which Shockley had envisioned in his FET designs.
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</span>
</li>
</ul><!-- Closing tag for ul containing left column of vertical timeline -->
</section>
</div><!--add to match right col closing tag-->
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<div class="column right">
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<div class="item"><!-- works -->
<div><!-- keeps separate timepoints under each other -->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li>
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-right"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3>
1946
</h3>
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<p>
John Bardeen, William Shockley
</p>
</span>
</li><!-- Add class bulletless2 to remove bullet point -->
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</div>
<!-- end vertical timeline -->
</div>
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<!-- -end- row "point contact transistor effect" -->
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<div class="column left"> <!-- new-->
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<div class="item-for-left"><!-- works --><!-- .item-from-left added from right column -->
<div><!--add to match right col-->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li class="bulletless"><!-- Add list item and class column so that this goes on the left -->
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-left"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3><!-- add h3 per https://codepen.io/mathiesjanssen/pen/ggeBKm-->
</h3>
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<p>
transistor effect and point contact transistor
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</span>
</li>
</ul><!-- Closing tag for ul containing left column of vertical timeline -->
</section>
</div><!--add to match right col closing tag-->
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</div><!-- .column-left closing tag :Updated Comment Original Comment: new closing tag-->
<!-- right column -->
<div class="column right">
<!-- column 2 of 2 https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_css_two_columns.asp -->
<div class="item"><!-- works -->
<div><!-- keeps separate timepoints under each other -->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li>
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-right"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3>
1947
</h3>
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<p>
John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain working under William Shockley at Bell Labs
</p>
</span>
</li><!-- Add class bulletless2 to remove bullet point -->
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</div>
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</div>
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<div><!--add to match right col-->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li class="bulletless"><!-- Add list item and class column so that this goes on the left -->
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-left"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3><!-- add h3 per https://codepen.io/mathiesjanssen/pen/ggeBKm-->
switch from silicon to germanium and in the process their oxide got inadvertently washed off
</h3>
<!-- If needed put line break(s) here -->
<p class="center-vertically">
After Bardeen's surface state theory the trio tried to overcome the effect of surface states. In late 1947, Robert Gibney and Brattain suggested the use of electrolyte placed between metal and semiconductor to overcome the effects of surface states. Their FET device worked, but amplification was poor. Bardeen went further and suggested to rather focus on the conductivity of the inversion layer. Further experiments led them to replace electrolyte with a solid oxide layer in the hope of getting better results. Their goal was to penetrate the oxide layer and get to the inversion layer. However, Bardeen suggested they switch from silicon to germanium and in the process their oxide got inadvertently washed off.
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</span>
</li>
</ul><!-- Closing tag for ul containing left column of vertical timeline -->
</section>
</div><!--add to match right col closing tag-->
</div><!-- .item-for-left added from .item closing tag on right column -->
<!-- column 1 above closing -->
</div><!-- .column-left closing tag :Updated Comment Original Comment: new closing tag-->
<!-- right column -->
<div class="column right">
<!-- column 2 of 2 https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_css_two_columns.asp -->
<div class="item"><!-- works -->
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<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li>
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-right"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3>
late 1947
</h3>
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<p>
Robert Gibney and Brattain; Bardeen
</p>
</span>
</li><!-- Add class bulletless2 to remove bullet point -->
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<div><!--add to match right col-->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li class="bulletless"><!-- Add list item and class column so that this goes on the left -->
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-left"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3><!-- add h3 per https://codepen.io/mathiesjanssen/pen/ggeBKm-->
BJT
</h3>
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<p>
bipolar junction transistor
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<p>
first working transistor built
</p>
</span>
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<div class="column right">
<!-- column 2 of 2 https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_css_two_columns.asp -->
<div class="item"><!-- works -->
<div><!-- keeps separate timepoints under each other -->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li>
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-right"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3>
1948
</h3>
<!-- If needed put line break(s) here -->
<p>
Shockley
</p>
</span>
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<div><!--add to match right col-->
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<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li class="bulletless"><!-- Add list item and class column so that this goes on the left -->
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-left"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
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IGFET
</h3>
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<p>
- IGFET based on his theory from 1946
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<p>
- Bardeen patented the progenitor of MOSFET
</p>
<p>
- an insulated-gate FET (IGFET)
</p>
<p>
with an inversion layer.
</p>
<p>
- The inversion layer confines the flow of minority carriers,
</p>
<p>
increasing modulation and conductivity,
</p>
<p>
although its electron transport depends on
</p>
<p>
the gate's insulator or quality of oxide if used as an insulator,
</p>
<p>
deposited above the inversion layer.
</p>
<p>
- Bardeen's patent as well as the concept of an inversion layer forms
</p>
<p>
the basis of CMOS technology today.
</p>
</span>
</li>
</ul><!-- Closing tag for ul containing left column of vertical timeline -->
</section>
</div><!--add to match right col closing tag-->
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<div class="column right">
<!-- column 2 of 2 https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_css_two_columns.asp -->
<div class="item"><!-- works -->
<div><!-- keeps separate timepoints under each other -->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li>
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-right"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3>
1948
</h3>
<!-- If needed put line break(s) here -->
<p>
Bardeen
</p>
</span>
</li><!-- Add class bulletless2 to remove bullet point -->
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<!-- start row "SIT" -->
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<div class="item-for-left"><!-- works --><!-- .item-from-left added from right column -->
<div><!--add to match right col-->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li class="bulletless"><!-- Add list item and class column so that this goes on the left -->
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-left"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3><!-- add h3 per https://codepen.io/mathiesjanssen/pen/ggeBKm-->
SIT
</h3>
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<p>
static induction transistor
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<p>
invented
</p>
<p>
a type of JFET
</p>
<p>
with a short channel
</p>
</span>
</li>
</ul><!-- Closing tag for ul containing left column of vertical timeline -->
</section>
</div><!--add to match right col closing tag-->
</div><!-- .item-for-left added from .item closing tag on right column -->
<!-- column 1 above closing -->
</div><!-- .column-left closing tag :Updated Comment Original Comment: new closing tag-->
<!-- right column -->
<div class="column right">
<!-- column 2 of 2 https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_css_two_columns.asp -->
<div class="item"><!-- works -->
<div><!-- keeps separate timepoints under each other -->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li>
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-right"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3>
1950
</h3>
<!-- If needed put line break(s) here -->
<p>
Jun-ichi Nishizawa and Y. Watanabe
</p>
</span>
</li><!-- Add class bulletless2 to remove bullet point -->
</ul><!-- Close unordered list containing element -->
</section>
</div>
</div>
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</div>
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<div class="item-for-left"><!-- works --><!-- .item-from-left added from right column -->
<div><!--add to match right col-->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li class="bulletless"><!-- Add list item and class column so that this goes on the left -->
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-left"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3><!-- add h3 per https://codepen.io/mathiesjanssen/pen/ggeBKm-->
</h3>
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<p>
<b>theoretical</b> treatment on the <b>JFET</b>
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</span>
</li>
</ul><!-- Closing tag for ul containing left column of vertical timeline -->
</section>
</div><!--add to match right col closing tag-->
</div><!-- .item-for-left added from .item closing tag on right column -->
<!-- column 1 above closing -->
</div><!-- .column-left closing tag :Updated Comment Original Comment: new closing tag-->
<!-- right column -->
<div class="column right">
<!-- column 2 of 2 https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_css_two_columns.asp -->
<div class="item"><!-- works -->
<div><!-- keeps separate timepoints under each other -->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li>
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-right"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3>
1952
</h3>
<!-- If needed put line break(s) here -->
<p>
Shockley
</p>
</span>
</li><!-- Add class bulletless2 to remove bullet point -->
</ul><!-- Close unordered list containing element -->
</section>
</div>
</div>
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</div>
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<div class="column left"> <!-- new-->
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<div class="item-for-left"><!-- works --><!-- .item-from-left added from right column -->
<div><!--add to match right col-->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li class="bulletless"><!-- Add list item and class column so that this goes on the left -->
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-left"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3><!-- add h3 per https://codepen.io/mathiesjanssen/pen/ggeBKm-->
</h3>
<!-- If needed put line break(s) here -->
<p>
working practical <b>JFET built</b>
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</span>
</li>
</ul><!-- Closing tag for ul containing left column of vertical timeline -->
</section>
</div><!--add to match right col closing tag-->
</div><!-- .item-for-left added from .item closing tag on right column -->
<!-- column 1 above closing -->
</div><!-- .column-left closing tag :Updated Comment Original Comment: new closing tag-->
<!-- right column -->
<div class="column right">
<!-- column 2 of 2 https://www.w3schools.com/howto/howto_css_two_columns.asp -->
<div class="item"><!-- works -->
<div><!-- keeps separate timepoints under each other -->
<section>
<ul><!-- Add unordered list containing element -->
<li>
<span class="bullet-to-text-spacing-right"><!-- for bullet point to text spacing control https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4373046/css-control-space-between-bullet-and-li-->
<h3>
1953
</h3>
<!-- If needed put line break(s) here -->
<p>
George F. Dacey and Ian M. Ross
</p>